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n if the underlying cause is benign (harmless) and reversible, like an exercise-associated muscle cramp or strain. In some cases, though, calf pain is...

The ankle syndesmosis is made up of four ligaments that work together to stabilize the articulation of the tibia and fibula (the two bones in the lower leg between the knee and the ankle). The fibula is the smaller bone on the outside of the leg and the tibia is the larger bone often referred to as ...

Plantar fasciitis is a painful condition that occurs when the thick band of tissue in the bottom of your foot called the plantar fascia becomes inflam...

Changes in your feet during pregnancy are common and often treatable at home. You may have foot cramps and swelling, more noticeable veins, and even toenail problems. Resting often, stretching, staying hydrated, wearing shoes that fit, and using compression stockings can help treat most changes in y...

The cause of swollen feet and ankles can be as common as an insect bite or as serious as heart disease or liver failure.1 This swelling is often caused by a buildup of fluid called edema. When just one leg is affected, an infection or chronic condition like arthritis may be at work.

Bowed legs can occur in all age groups and has several distinct causes. In some people bow legs are a problem that requires treatment, in others, it may be a normal part of development.

The most common ankle pain causes include sprain and inflammation of the tendons (tissue that connects muscles to bone). Chronic conditions, infection, and wear and tear of the bones, muscles, and cartilage can also result in ankle pain.

Surgical approaches for total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) are broadly divided into two groups;  triceps-off and  triceps-on approaches. Traditional  tr...

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a two-step surgical procedure to restore cartilage around a joint and treat cartilage defects.

Published results showed female representation among surgeons who perform carpal tunnel release has increased from 2013 to 2021; however, other practice disparities exist between female and male surgeons.